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Metformin, another AMPK activator, also stimulated myostatin expression at low concentrations. In addition, ectopic expression of AMPK wild-type α subunit (enhancing AMPK activity) and AMPK K45R mutant (knockdown AMPK activity) enhanced and reduced myostatin expression, respectively. These results indicate that AMPK stimulates myostatin expression in C2C12 cells, providing an explanation for the negative effect of AMPK on muscle growth.
Metformin enhanced myostatin mRNA expression
Metformin enhanced myostatin mRNA expression