Metformin, another AMPK activator, also stimulated myostatin expression at low concentrations. In addition, ectopic expression of AMPK wild-type α subunit (enhancing AMPK activity) and AMPK K45R mutant (knockdown AMPK activity) enhanced and reduced myostatin expression, respectively. These results indicate that AMPK stimulates myostatin expression in C2C12 cells, providing an explanation for the negative effect of AMPK on muscle growth.
Metformin enhanced myostatin mRNA expression![BADD380A 544B 4017 BEFD E3C1F792CACB BADD380A 544B 4017 BEFD E3C1F792CACB](https://www.ironsport.co.uk/data/attachments/0/86-93c3ef6da130fbaf359f046b4ebad8dd.jpg)
Metformin enhanced myostatin mRNA expression
![BADD380A 544B 4017 BEFD E3C1F792CACB BADD380A 544B 4017 BEFD E3C1F792CACB](https://www.ironsport.co.uk/data/attachments/0/86-93c3ef6da130fbaf359f046b4ebad8dd.jpg)